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一、简单句

1.1 什么是句子

  • 必须具备主谓结构
  • 主语是谓语动作发出者
  • 宾语是谓语动作承受者

1.2 句子的基本结构

1.2.1 主谓

1.2.2 主谓宾

  • 谓语:实义动词

1.2.3 主谓表

  • 谓语:系动词
    • be
    • 感官动词:look, smell, taste, sound, feel
    • 变化:become, get
    • 保持:keep, remain

look == seem == appearsmell [n] 气味 taste [n] 喜好 (e.g. have taste for sth.) sound [n] 声音 | [adj] 甜美的

1.2.4 主谓双宾 & 主谓宾宾补

  • 宾语之间加be动词,意思对→主谓宾宾补,意思不对→主谓双宾

1.3 句子的成分(词性)

1.3.1 谓语

1.3.1.1 谓语的成分

有时态的实义动词或系动词

Note:

  • 谓语只能是动词
  • 动词只能作谓语
  • 所有不作谓语的动词变成非谓语动词

1.3.1.2 动词能不能多

一句话中只能有一个动词,且充当谓语,多余的动词变成非谓语动词

动词变非谓语动词方法:

  1. -ing 主动
  2. -ed 被动
  3. to do 目的

1.3.1.3 动词能不能少

一句话中必须有动词,当一句话需要动词而没有动词时,加be动词,且be动词无意

1.3.1.4 谓语的总结

一句话中有且只有一个有时态的实义动词或系动词存在,并且充当谓语。

Pandas are the rarest member in bear family, mainly living in the forest of Chinese Southwest.

YangZi River flowing through diverse ecological systems, keeps the home of a sea of endangered species, irrigating Chinese 1/5 land.

1.3.2 主语

1.3.2.1 主语的成分

  • 名词
  • 代词
  • 非谓语动词
  • 从句(引导词 + 句子)

1.3.2.2 主语能不能少

不能。

一句话没有主语时怎么办?

  1. it:必须与温度、天气、时间有关系
  2. there be:“有”
  3. 被动:没有主语或人称代词做主语

三种情况无被动:

  1. 动词后有介词时,动词无被动
  2. 系动词无被动
  3. have表“有”时,无被动
  1. 加人称代词(I you we):万不得已不要使用
There exist a host of undergraduates being fascinated with me.

Persistence must be pointed out outstandingly crucial.

Overfishing is claimed more than fearful by an increasing amount of professions.

If there exists a dream, glories are supposed to be achieved.

1.3.3 宾语

  • 名词
  • 代词
  • 非谓语动词
  • 从句

1.3.4 表语

  • 名词
  • 代词
  • 非谓语动词
  • 从句
  • 形容词
  • 介词短语

1.4 简单句的考点分析

1.4.1 写作

  • 所有不会的先写成简单句,一定保证语法正确
  • 所有不会的单词写成会的词汇

1.4.2 长难句

长难句分析第一步:找谓语(动词),从而找到主谓宾。如果有多个动词,就找主句的谓语动词(没有引导词的)

I feel upset these two days.

It is becoming warm throughout the world.

Jealousness is a kind of worship.

Being meaningful proves living well. Living well seems doing meaningful things.

二、并列句

2.1 什么是并列句

用连词连接两个句子

2.2 常见的并列连词

  • 平行:and, not only···but also···
    • similarly, equally, likewsie, at the same time, in the meanwhile
  • 转折:but, yet, while, whereas
    • however, nevertheless, on the contrary, conversely, unexpectedly, unfortunately, by contrast
  • 选择:or, whether···or···
    • alternatively
  • 因果:for, so
    • therefore, thus, as a result
  • 递进:then
    • besides, furthermore, moreover, additionally, subsequently, in addition

2.3 并列句的考点分析

2.3.1 写作

  • 只要上下句间有逻辑关系,就一定要用逻辑关系词(连词、副词、介词和介词短语)
  • 使用连词时,可以加逗号,可以不加
  • 其他逻辑关系词前,要么加句号,要么加and

2.3.2 完形

  • 只需读懂逻辑关系词上下句的意思

2.3.3 长难句

长难句分析第二步:找连词,但是连词连接两个单词时不考虑。

  • 只要见到并列连词,通常都有省略

查找省略内容的方法

  • 只要有省略,一定省略在连词后
  • 连词后有的成分连词前通常
  • 连词前有而连词后没有的成分便是省略的内容
  • 如果连词后只有一个成分,连词前一定能找到它的对应成分
  • 如果连词后有多个成分,连词前不一定都能找到,但至少找到一个

代词指代题的方法

  • 就近原则:跟谁近就可能指谁
  • 一致原则:意思要一致
Romance has evaporated, and on the contrary she still misses the past.

There remain an army of companies coming from afar, and consequently, I feel more than delighted.

I am claimed changeable like water. By contrast, my clarity keeps consistent.

Do you still keep that day in mind? I failed to pass CET-4, and as a result I shed tears in the rain alone. At the same time, you came up to me and subseqently you beat my shoulder and told me "There exists no destination in life."

三、名词和名词性从句

3.1 名词能充当什么成分

  • 主语
  • 宾语
  • 表语
  • 同位语

3.1.1 同位语

用来解释名词的成分就是同位语

只要在作文中见到名词,都可以有意识地加同位语,对该命名词补充说明(1~2次)

3.1.1.1 同位语的成分

  • 名词
  • 代词
  • 非谓语动词
  • 从句
Persistence, an active mentality, plays a critical role in the glorious of all children and adults.

3.2 名词性从句是什么

能够充当名词的从句

3.3 名词性从句的引导词

名词性从句的引导词是按照从句的类型分为以下三类:

  • that:陈述句。且that不充当任何成分,没有意思
  • whether:一般疑问句。且whether不充当任何成分,意思是是否
  • 特殊疑问词:特殊疑问句。

所有从句一定是陈述句,即引导词+主语+谓语

I am wondering whether aliens exist. (宾语从句)

That ladies tend to be right remains common knowledge. (主语从句)

My meaning seems that supporting the elderly remains a Chinese conventional virtue. (表语从句)

Someday, one will perceive that career, kinship, and friendship prove more indispensable than romance. (宾语从句)

The point seems when weath will become available for you. (表语从句)

3.4 名词性从句的考点分析

3.4.1 写作

写作满分句型:

  • 主语从句
  • 同位语从句

3.4.1.1 主语从句

  • 主语从句放在句末,it作形式主语
  • It is apparent that ···,众所周知
  • It looks beyong dispute that ···,众所周知
  • It has been widely accepted that ···,众所周知
  • It is universally acknowledged that ···,众所周知
  • It keeps my argument that ···,我觉得

主语从句的满分句型可以写在作文中任何一句话前面,用来拉长句子

3.4.1.2 同位语从句

It looks beyong dispute that the issue about diligence has been brought into the linelight.

The matter, that he managed to find a girlfriend, makes his superiors rejoiced.
/* 同位语从句即可放在所解释的名词后,也可以放到整句话后 */

Nothing can hide the truth that she is gettig old.

The outlook proves wrong that private individuals in Henan seem all deceivers.

The evidence, that flowers in the greenhouse fail to undergo storms, indicates that kids should by no means be spoiled by their senior citizens.

3.4.2 长难句

能够识别各个名词性从句,并且通顺地翻译出来

3.4.2.1 如何识别主语从句

只要见到引导词在句首,且从句后没有被逗号隔开,一定是主语从句。主语从句从句首后开始,到主句谓语动词前结束

此外,It···that通常都是主语从句,主语从句从that开始,到句末结束

That the plates are moving is now beyong dispute.

Whether the Goverment shoule increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems.

For example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.

Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.

3.4.2.2 如何识别宾语从句

只要实义动词后有引导词,就暂定为宾语从句状语从句

if只能引导宾语从句,whether可以引导所有从句

She said (that) she would marry an old rich man.

I wonder if I can pass the National Postgraduate Entrance Examination smoothly.

This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in. A fact underlined by statistics shows that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.

He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about sentence and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.

You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.

3.4.2.3 如何识别表语从句

系动词后有引导词,就是表语从句

A report consistently brought back by vistors to the US is how friendly, courteous and helpful most Americans were to them.

Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope in the heavens to prove that planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.

Women are much too preoccupied by family. Once the marriage begins to disintegrate, they are lost. That is where their unhappiness spring from and that is why most divorced mothers regard themselves as victims.

3.4.2.4 如何识别同位语从句

只要名词后有引导词,就暂定为同位语从句(更可能是定语从句)

Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.

A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.

But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.

Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.

Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in  court to ensure guilty verdicts.

四、定语和定语从句

4.1 什么是定语

听到**······的 + 名词**,······的就是修饰这个名词的定语

4.2 定语的成分

  • 形容词
  • 名词
  • 介词短语
  • 非谓语动词
  • 从句

4.3 定语的位置

前小后大:一个单词修饰名词时通常放在名词前,多个单词修饰名词时通常放在名词后

This is a fiction about a bird and a rose.

That youngster grasping romance left the party of the prince.

The boy rejected looks pitiful. (过去分词修饰名词时,通常放在名词后)

I have something important to tell you. (形容词修饰不定代词时,通常放在名词后)

4.4 定语从句

4.4.1 定语从句的构成

名词+引导词+句子

4.4.2 定语从句引导词

定语从句的引导词按照先行词的种类分为以下5类:

  • 人:who, whom, whose
  • 物:that, which, whose
  • 时间:that, which, when
  • 地点:that, which, where
  • 原因:that, which, why

谁决定引导词的用法?

  1. 先行词

  2. 引导词在从句中充当的成分

共同决定了引导词用法

定语从句引导词按引导词词性分为以下3类:

  • 代词(主语、宾语):that, which, who, whom
  • 副词(NULL):where, when, why
  • 形容词(修饰最近的名词):whose
The rose which the bird exchanged with his life was discarded.

Buildings whose roofs are round look beautiful.

It has been validated by numerous facts that glories belong to those with dreams.

Wearing my own shoes proves not only convenient but also ensures a point that the feelings of others can be ignored.

The point of the issue seems who should be responsible for the decline of ethics.

He whose appearances looks indecent proves noble in his mind.

It seems indispensable that those who spare no efforts realize their dreams nerver feel pitiful although glories fail to be achieved.

Students who fail to concentrate in class but wish to pass examinations smoothly tend to find that the consequence proves less in impressive.

4.5 定语从句的特殊用法

  • that引导定语从句时,如果充当宾语,可以省略。分析长难句时,如果见到有两个名词相邻,通常都是省略了that的定语从句
  • 区别限制和非限制性定语从句
  • 如果先行词和引导词之间有介词,只能用whomwhich
  • 区别the same ··· as, the same ··· that引导的定语从句
  • aswhich引导的非限制性定语从句,which引导的可以修饰整个句子,as也可以,但是which只能放在主句 后,as可前可后

4.6 区别定语从句与同位语从句

  • 相同点:先行词+引导词+句子

  • 不同点:

    • 看从句本身意思,定语从句修饰名词,同位语名词解释名词
    • 看引导词that是否充当从句成分,充当了是定语从句,没有充当是同位语从句
    • 定语的先行词可以是所有名词,同位语从句的先行词只能是抽象名词
    • 定语从句引导词有8个,同位语同位语从句一般都是that

4.7 定语从句的至难点

寻找先行词

如何寻找先行词--必须读懂这句话

  • 定语从句的先行词就是离它最近的那个名词
  • 定语从句的先行词是它前面的几个并列名词
  • 定语从句的先行词是它前面的一个从句
  • 定语从句的先行词是它前面的整个句子
  • 定语从句的先行词和引导词被隔开了

4.8 定语从句的考点分析

4.8.1 写作

  • 只要见到名词,都可以有意识地加定语
Pets which look cute as well as healthy can reduce loneliness of senior citizens without any children who can take care of them.

Reading books which keep beneficial to our psysical and mental health can add knowledge of all children and adults.
([n.] which look [adj.] as well as [adj.])
(such as [n.]···)

4.8.2 英汉差异对比

  • 汉语意合,英语形合
    • 句子结构

    • 逻辑关系词

  • 汉语多主动,英语多被动
  • 汉语多短句,英语多长句

合并短句的方法

  • 非谓语动词
  • 加连词
  • 从句
In the past decades, a veriety of actions were adopted by the authorities to prevent disasters.

Wuzhen is a water town in Zhejiang province. It locates near the river from Beijin to Hangzhou.
Wuzhen is a water town in Zhejiang provinc, locating near the river from Beijin to Hangzhou.
Wuzhen is a water town in Zhejiang province, and locates near the river from Beijin to Hangzhou.
Wuzhen which locates near the river from Beijin to Hangzhou is a water town in Zhejiang province.

When I played football yesterday, I came across a ledy on the playground whose son was running.

Doors will be decorated by couplets whose topic are involved in health, wealth and good luck.

4.8.3 长难句

能够找到一句话当中的定语成分,并通顺地翻译出来

关键找名词,只要名词后有一坨东西,只要不是动词就暂定是定语状语,定语从名词后开始,到主句谓语动词前结束。如果定语在主句谓语动词后,定语从名词后开始,通常到句末结束,如果定语后有连词,到连词前结束。大定语中可能有若干小定语,每个小定语到下一个名词后结束,但是固定搭配除外

$ [n.] + \begin{cases}定语&\同位语&(×)\插入语&(×)\状语&\谓语&\end{cases} $

Creating a "European identity" that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a startegic choice.

In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that word in relation to one another.

Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. 

In short, a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumberable directions."

Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.

After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northen Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.

Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as costs and availability.

Most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic.

Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Mefical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until noe have very, very stringly insisted that could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might asten death."

The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labor to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and pringting press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier.

五、状语和状语从句

5.1 什么是状语

一句话中修饰实义动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的成分(名词除外)

5.2 状语的成分

  • 副词
  • 介词短语
  • 非谓语动词
  • 从句

5.3 状语的位置

随便

5.4 状语从句

状语从句的引导词按照其本身的意思分类,分为9类

如果主句动作和从句动作都尚未发生,使用主将从现

如果主句动作和从句动作都已发生,使用主过从相应过

5.4.1 时间状语从句

5.4.1.1 引导词

  • when = while = as(当while翻译为当···的时候的时候,后跟进行时)
  • before
  • after
  • since(自从,主句必须是完成时)
  • the moment = as soon as
  • by the time
  • until
  • not···until

5.4.1.2 时态问题

When love comes, I will hold her hands.
When love came, I failed to hold her hands.

5.4.1.3 区别untilnot···until

看主句的谓语动词是延续性动词还是瞬间动词,延续性动词用until,瞬间动词用not···until

I will wait here until you come.
I will not leave until you come.

I did not realize the greatness of mothers until I grow up.

5.4.1.4 从句省略

when引导的时间状语从句,主句和从句主语一致,且从句谓语有be动词,从句的主语和be动词可以省略

When a kid, I enjoyed singing songs.

5.4.2 地点状语从句

引导词where

地点状语通常是介词短语

The kind of trees grow well where it is moist.

5.4.3 原因状语从句

引导词

  • because
  • as
  • since
  • in that
  • seeing that
  • considering that
  • now that
  • given that

连词

  • for

介词短语

  • because of
  • due to
  • owing to
  • thanks to
  • for the sake of
  • as a result of

后接[n.]-ing

He had a car accident because he was careless.
He had a car accident for he was careless.
He had a car accident because of his carelessness.

5.4.4 目的状语从句

引导词

  • so that(通常放句末)
  • in order that

介词

  • to
  • in order to
  • so as to

后接[v.]

We will ascend higher in order to overlook farther.
We will ascend higher in order that we overlook farther.

5.4.5 结果状语从句

引导词

  • so···[adj./adv.]···that
  • such···[n.]···that

so···that可替换very,只要见到形容词或副词都适用

It feels so hot today that I wear my dress.

My mather proves so kind that she is respected by all her staff.

5.4.6 让步状语从句

引导词

  • although
  • though
  • even though
  • even if
  • as
  • while(翻译为虽然尽管时,只能放在句首)

部分倒装as引导的让步状语从句表语可以放在句首

Ugly as I seem, I keep gentle.

Simple as the chat looks, the outlook behind proves far-reaching —— national products become increasingly popular with Chinese customers.

Raising pets can cultivate the loving heart of kids although they might be injurious to their families or neighbors.

5.4.7 方式状语从句

引导词

  • as
  • the way
  • as if / though

介词

  • by
  • through
  • by means of
  • in···way
  • manner
She looks as if she were made of ice.

5.4.8 条件状语从句

引导词

  • suppose that
  • supposing that
  • if
  • unless
  • provided that
  • as long as
  • so long as
If there seems a ghost of hope, I will never give up.

5.4.9 比较状语从句

引导词

  • as···as···
  • 比较结构(than)
You are as beautiful as I.

as专题

  • as + [n.]作为
  • [v.] + ··· + as此时as的意思取决于名词
  • as + [句子]可能是当···时因为虽然好像和···一样

than专题

  • not so much as = not even甚至不;没有
  • not so much A as B与其说A,不如说B
  • more A than B与其说B,不如说A
  • more than
    • + [n.]不仅是
    • [adj./adv.]非常
    • [num.]多于
He can not so much as spell a word.
He did not so much as ask me to sit down.

He is not so much a teacher as a poet.

He is more a poet than a teacher.

5.5 状语从句的考点分析

5.5.1 写作

作文中任何一句话都可以加状语,拉长句子

One can live as if he were a pig. Conversely, he can never be as delighted as a pig.

5.5.2 长难句

如何识别状语?

除了句子主干和定语外,都认为是状语

  • 句子中见到以下结构,一定是状语:副词、比较、条件、结果、原因、让步、目的、方式、伴随
  • 时间地点在实义动词后,一定是状语
  • 名词后跟时间地点,需要区别定语和状语。如果无法确定,定语优先。定语不通顺时翻译成状语

从句和动词不定式充当主语,通常都放句末,加it作形式主语

The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.

The behavioral sciences have been slow to change party because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.

Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such situations as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.

While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.

We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or because assimilated and lost their native languages.

While formal learning is transmitted by teachers selected to perform this role, informal learning is acquired as a natual part of a child's development.

It's also the reason why when we try to desctibe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.

They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protextions when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending.

Teachers' Day approaching, I express my sincere appreciation to teachers who have given me assistance by the chance. 

The truth has been accepted by the mass that live becomes so short that every day should be valued.

Students who fail to concentrate in class but wish to pass examinations perceive that the consequence proves less in impressive.

I, in order to realize my dream, am considering whether I should depart with my boyfriend.

Where there exists a school, drivers should go slowly.

六、特殊结构

6.1 强调句型

It is···that/who··当过去式时,使用It was···that···

强调句型可以强调句子中所有成分,除了谓语

It is to realize my dream that I am considering whether I should depart with my boyfriend.

There remain abundant elements to account for the issue.

6.1.2 写作

所有句子都可以写强调句型

So far, you have never realized that, it was because you had unfavorable friends that you failed to go to your dreamful univercity.

6.1.3 长难句

But it is the arrival of new satellite channels——funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions——that will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.

Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of force the waters to do our biddng so fascinating.

Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize to maximize their incomes that together determine what shall be produced and how reasources are used to priduce it.

As was discussed before, it was not until the 19th that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the company of the periodical.

6.2 倒装

6.2.1 什么是倒装

倒装就是把一句话写成一般疑问句形式——即加上助动词或把be动词放到句首

6.2.2 倒装的用法

  • 否定词放在句首
  • so, nor/neither位与句首,表示承前的肯定或否定
  • so···that···so引导的部分放在句首
  • only引导的状语在句首
  • as引导让步状语从句,从句表语放在句首部分倒装(详见前文)
  • 省略if的虚拟语气
Hardly can I speak Japanese.

By no means do I love you.

Not only does playing phones influence the physical and metal health of youngsters but also wastes their precious time.

Under no circumstances can we keep a blind eye to the issue of environmental protection.

-I can cook.
-So can I.

-I can not cook.
-Nor can I.

So rejoiced do I feel that I lose my sleep for the whole night.

Only deeply do I love you.

Only when romance comes, will I hold his hands.

Only through adopting these actions, can the issue be handled as soon as possible.

6.2.3 倒装的考点分析

6.2.3.1 写作

Not only can cultural exchange promote economic advance but also makes our eyesignt broad.

So exhausted am I that I have no energy throughout.

Only at home do I feel safe and relaxed.

6.2.3.2 长难句

还原倒装部分后再翻译

Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed——and perhaps never before has it served so much to conect difficult peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe.

Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.

Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.

Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.

Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity the technique and composition consistent with those of America's first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River.

For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.

Only after studies procided evidence of the harmful effects of such programs has it been possible to modify TV programming policies.

6.3 虚拟语气

6.3.1 什么是虚拟语气

与事实相反或语气委婉

6.3.2 虚拟语气的一般用法

  • if引导的条件状语从句

如何把条件状语从句变成虚拟语气?

  • 只需把句子时态变成过去式,且be动词过去式只有werecould = would = might
If you are a tear in my eyes, I will never shed it.
--> If you were a tear in my eyes, I would never shed it.

If I was a dog last night, I could sleep with you in bed.
--> If I had been a dog last night, I could have slept with you in bed.

If I remembered you in my next life, we would never seperate with each other.
Did I remember you in my next life, we would never seperate with each other.

If you had obeyed my instruction at the outset, you could have passed the examination.
Had you obeyed my instruction at the outset, you could have passed the examination.

If every citizen raised a pet in his family, the environment would be destroyed.

6.3.3 特殊用法

  • 以下情况从句用should + [v.]表示虚拟,且should可以省略
    • 以防:in case, lest, for fear that
    • 命:order, direct, command
    • 贱(建):advise, suggest, propose
    • 要求:ask, request, demand, require
    • 用虚拟
    • 是必要的:It is necessary/important that
  • 以下情况从句用一般过去式表示虚拟
    • would rather
    • It is high time that
  • 以下情况区别对待:把本来的时态写成过去式
    • wish, if only(如果···该多好), but for(要不是), or/otherwise, as if/as though
In case that you should develop fated infections, you had better stay at home.

It seems crucial that more activities should be attended to show myself.

It is high time that the independance of kids were cultivated by senior citizens.

If only I were your child.

If only I had been your child.

6.3.4 虚拟语气的考点分析

6.3.4.1 写作

It is necessary that the community environment should be protected and rubbish be never dumped for the common.

6.3.4.1 长难句

虚拟语气和非虚拟语气都直接翻译

If that happended, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk.

The milllions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, would have lost all practical value by the time they were finished.

It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful.

Countless divorced politicians would have been elected out of office years ago had they even thought of a divorce, let alone gotten one.

附录A、句子成分总结

主语谓语宾语表语
名词
代词
非谓语动词
从句
实义动词
系动词
名词
代词
非谓语动词
从句
名词
代词
非谓语动词
从句
形容词
介词短语
同位语定语状语
名词
代词
非谓语动词
从句
名词
代词
非谓语动词
从句
形容词
介词短语
副词
介词短语
非谓语动词
从句
My mother is an elegant lady.
My mother is a lady of elegance.
My mother is a lady as elegant as a lily.
My mother is a lady looking as elegant as a lily.
My mother is a lady who looks as elegant as a lily.

She killed her husband with a sharp knife.
She, applying a sharp knife, killed her husband.
When she applyed a sharp knife, she killed her husband.
She killed her husband cruelly.

That I met you is my honor.
Meeting you is my honor.

My dream is to pass the examination of postgradutes.
My dream is that I pass the examination of postgradutes.

英语长难句的模样

(状),主(定 / 状 / 同)谓宾(定 / 状 / 同)

English, a universal language throughour the world, is vital although it is hard to recite these words.

I, an undergraduate in this univercity, will recommend you a tourist attraction which keeps popular with Chinese travelers.

附录B、情态动词

表明说话人的主观态度的词汇

情态动词后加动词原型,相当于助动词

情态动词表现在或将来推测

情态动词加动词原型

情态动词表过去推测

He must have been salf-biased in his university.
must have done -- 一定做过
can not have done -- 否定

You need not have shown your love in this way.
need not have done -- 没必要做但做了

I could have become a prominent poet.
could have done -- 能做但没做,表遗憾

We should have got married if there exists a chance.
should have done -- 应该做但没做

附录C、插入语

通常是定语、状语或同位语放在句子主谓间,用破折号或逗号隔开

But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: "It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century."

附录D、作文替换

parents
-> superiors / the elderly / senior citizens

should
-> ought to / be supposed to / be obliged to

we / us / people
-> human beings / private individuals / the folks / the masses
-> children / kids / offspring / descendants (孩子)
-> youngsters and teenagers / youngsters on campus / undergraduates (年轻人)
-> experts and professors / all children and adults / men and women in all walks / customers (人们)

not
-> never / by no means / under no circumstances / fail to

more and more
-> an increasing number of

think
-> presume / content / cling to the perspective that

very
-> strikingly / distinctly / extraordinarily

serious
-> grave / severe / fearful / fatal / be of great severity

there be
-> there exist

many
-> a sea of / a ocean of / a multitude of / a train of / immense amounts of / plentiful

reasons
-> causes / factors / elements

explain
-> account for / be responsible for

idea
-> perspective / argument

be(好像)
-> seem / appear / prove

and
-> simultaneously / at the same time

but
-> on the contrary / nevertheless

pay attention to
-> place great emphasis on / attach great importance to

problem
-> phenomenon / current situation

increase
-> ascend / continue its upward trend

decrease
-> descend / continue its downward trend

suddenly(大幅度)
-> considerable / remarkable

slowly(慢慢)
-> gradually / gently

同位语

  • There is strong evidence to show that
  • There is a growing worldwide awarenenss around the world that

定语

  • who looks distinctly impressive to readers

  • who looks rather less impressive to readers

  • which has been widely accepted by the people around him

状语

  • in the center of the vivid picture
  • in light of the rapid advance of science and technology
  • although many people fail to pay attention to the problem

插入语

  • neddless to say

附录E、作文模板

E.1 图画作文

第一段

图画描述+中心总结

第一二句

用主语从句引出描述图画

what seems beyond dispute is that

  • 一幅图一个主体两个动作in the cartoon, sb doing sth is doing sth
  • 一幅图两个主体两个动作in the cartoon, sb1 is doing sth1; (at the same time/on the contrary), sb2 is doing sth2
  • 两幅图in the former picture, sb1 is doing sth1; (at the same time/on the contrary), in the latter one, sb2 is doing sth2

第三句

引出文章中心的过渡语

we can deduce from this picture that the drawer is trying to attract our attention to sth, which...

主题词:

cooperation

challenge

happiness

satisfaction

frustration

integrity = honesty

crisis of faith

trust crisis

endeavor

modesty

self-regulation 自律

self-dependence 自力自强

volunteer

the aging problems 老龄化问题

internet fraud 诈骗

internet commercial transaction 电子商务交易

social morals 社会公德

workout 健身

internet celebrities 网红

internship 实习

第四句

被动+插入语

sth needless to say is supposed to be argued extraordinarily indispensable by an increasing number of children and adults

第二段

原因分析

第一句

引出原因分析

the majority of experts and professors would never fail to agree that the phenomenon has its deep roots as follows

第二三四句

具体原因分析

  1. Sth is a {defination} which means sb do sth1, sb do sth2 and sb do sth3
  2. There exist plentiful cases like this in the routine of our life to list. However, the most impressive one is the follow. Lagrange was born in the 1730s. His father had lost his property in speculations. But he became the first to teach calculus in an engineering school because of {sth}. So the story vividly tells us the truth that ...
  3. [Optional]Once, there appeared a novelist who has gained great reputation in Mexico named Juan Rulfo stating that so vital does sth prove that ...

defination:

a severe global issue

a Chinese traditional virtue

a social pervasive trend

an active / negative mentality

a hot social subject

第三段

总结段

第一句

总结句

to be short, it is sth that if +虚拟语气+ we would

第二三句

具体措施

政府:the authorities can not have failed to do

他人:if senior citizens could do sth, ...虚拟语气

第四句

呼吁

should not human beings place great emphasis on the current situation of sth?

E.2 图表作文

第一段

cartoon / picture $\rightarrow$chart

tend to

be likely to do

E.3 公务书信

称呼

文中已给出:Dear {name}

文中未给出:Dear Sir or Madam

正文

自我介绍 + 写作目的

自我介绍

文中已给出:I am {character}

文中未给出:I am an undergraduate from the department of art design in a/the university

写作目的

I am writing the letter, to be frank, in order to do {purpose}

第二段

文中一定给出

sb, to begin with, keeps so [adj.] that ... [状]

in addition, it seems beyond dispute that ... [therefore/at the same time/on the contrary]

at last, I am by no means ... [状]

第三段

文中有要求:

  1. 要求的内容
  2. 期待回信

文中没要求:

  1. 感谢
  2. 期待回信

感谢

I would like to extend my greatest appreciation if you could take my suggestions into consideration.

期待回信

I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.

落款

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

E.4 私人书信

正文

问候语

Have you and your sister returned from the cultural trip to Kyoto, the historic city of Japan?

第三段

文中有要求:

  1. 要求的内容
  2. 祝福语

文中没要求:

  1. 祝福语
  2. 期待回信

祝福语

I wish every success for your career in the future.

E.5 告示

标题

Notice

称呼(没有)

正文

写作目的

We are to

具体论述

见公务书信第二段

第二段

欢迎加入we are waiting for your coming

联系方式if you intended to join us, please email us at xxx@xxx

落款

单位名字

一、简单句 has loaded